Employee Surveys Challenges

Employee Surveys Challenges Introduction Managers in the modern organizations have come to the realization that the use of surveys in evaluating employee satisfaction, performance, development, and improvement is inevitable (Nankervis, Compton, Baird, Coffey, 2011). Based on this, surveys are often employed whenever feedback is needed from employees regarding their happiness, the strengths of the firm, weaknesses of the organization, and the best ways to improve.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Employee Surveys: Challenges specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, surveys play a critical role in revealing the exact position of the company from the employee perspective. Employee surveys are questionnaires that are designed and are distributed to organizational workers to enquire about certain information, especially data related to performance and satisfaction. They should always be designed carefully in order to capture the specific informa tion that will be of help to the employer. Surveys do not have specific answers since their major aim is to capture employee opinions and views. This article investigates the feasibility and the value of employee survey. In this regard, the paper analyzes the achievements of an employee survey in the organization, as well as its application. The use of the instrument is often associated with certain challenges. This article looks at some of these challenges, including the costs, risks and the difficulties of administering the instrument. Studies show that challenges faced when administering an employee survey are manageable. This paper will summarize some of the ways through which the challenges can be mitigated. Even though employee survey has a number of challenges, it also has some potential benefits when delivered in most desirable way. The article will analyze the potential benefits of employee survey as well. Finally, the paper will assess the effectiveness of the survey admin istration, particularly in matters related to ethics and professionalism. Achievements of the Employee Survey The use of a survey has a number of achievements, but if only administered in the best way. The instrument is considered a standardized tool that is employed in collecting critical information from organizational workers with the sole purpose of improving performance. One of the achievements of the survey is its ability to offer information that permits the management to focus its energies on improving a number of programs and processes in the organization. The results of the survey are usually taken through a rigorous data analysis process, which enables feedback to employees. Through the tool, the organization avoids unnecessary conflicts that might impede productivity and development of employees (Mitra, Gupta, Shaw, 2010). For instance, the organization might drop one of the programs after engaging employees in an extensive interview using surveys.Advertising Lo oking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More If the organization implements the program without consulting employees, the results might affect the performance of entire firm. In fact, some workers might decide to quit the organization, citing dissatisfaction as one of the major reasons. The organization is advised to post the results of the findings on the company website to allow review. This would be considered one of the ways of ensuring feedback and effective communication with workers. For the organization to achieve the desired results through surveys, a clear method of questionnaire administration should be followed. Scholars suggest that two major survey administration practices exist, which include communicating the purpose and the significance of the survey, as well as reminding employees the process. For ethical reasons, the firm should at all times inform various stakeholders the major aims of the survey, the main purpose, the procedure to be followed in administering it, and the reason why each employee should participate in the exercise. Based on this, the organization is advised to employ a number of media channels I disseminating information, such as the use of bulletin boards, short email messages, and employee meetings. The concerned unit should pass information in advance to give workers amicable time to prepare for the survey. In conducting surveys, many organizational members are often reluctant to take part in the exercise since they fear victimization. Some managers might develop the habit of criticizing employees for their views. In this regard, the management is advised to communicate with employees informing them that the management is simply concerned with the summary of the results and no employee will be accused of giving a divergent view. To achieve the desired results, the fielding of the survey is critical. This implies that all steps of surve y administration should be followed. The sample should be drawn and the survey needs to be assembled in time before proceeding to collect data. Supplying questionnaires using emails is recommended since it is considered cheap and reliable. The response rate should be checked on weekly basis to ensure that employees are taking part in the exercise. Some groups might not engage in the survey owing to a number of reasons. In this case, they should be reminded quite often. If the response rate is poor, data collection phase should be extended to allow many employees to participate in the exercise. Studies show that response rates tend to increase after the fourth and the fifth weeks, but only if the management keeps on reminding participants.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Employee Surveys: Challenges specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Finally, the management should explore some of the ways of improving participation in order to achieve the desired goals. After the survey, the management should always establish the number of employees who never participated in the exercise, as well as some of the reasons that made the not participate in the survey. This will definitely improve future response rates. Employees have a tendency of thinking that the results of the survey would not be used to bring any form of change hence they do not see any need of participating. Others simply think that the study is not important in any way while some believe the results of the survey will never be communicated to them. Challenges Encountered when Conducting Employee Surveys Gunningham and Sinclair (2011) refer to employee survey as an attitude or opinion survey since its major aim is to facilitate upward communication, even though an effective structure is needed to make this happen. In this regard, the survey questions must be prepared carefully and some of the mechanisms of response processing must be set up in a dvance. Some surveys might perhaps be highly structured while others are often narrowly targeted meaning that their aim is to address a single issue. Challenges faced when collecting information using surveys depend on the scope and the range of the survey. Research shows that the broader the range of the survey, the greater the hazards. Collecting opinions of employees on job satisfaction and general performance of the organization is beneficial in the sense that pertinent information is provided regarding the working conditions, compensation, remuneration, relations, communication, and administration. All these come with a number of risks that the organization must be prepared to tackle. The system employed in administering a survey is one of the challenges that affect the achievements of employee survey. Some organizations choose to design questions that aim at collecting information related to payment, satisfaction, and communication at the same time. One of the methods of admin istering such a survey is assembling employees and requesting them to fill the questions. Alternately, questionnaires can be distributed to individual employees. The two methods have challenges that must be addressed to ensure that the intended results are achieved. Since some employees might be opposed to the survey, they might decline to respond to the online questionnaire. This would affect the response rate, which has a direct impact to the outcome of the survey. Based on this, the organization is advised to assemble employees when it comes to filling the questions.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Even though this method is considered effective, it has some challenges as well. Holding meetings affects the productivity of the organization since many hours are spent filling the questions. Some employees might be reluctant to respond freely due to the presence of their bosses. Literacy level is another issue that affects the validity of the survey because not all employees have similar levels of education. The survey must collect views of all employees, irrespective of age, gender, educational level, and marital status. The major problem associated with educational level of employees is interpretation of questions. There is no guarantee that employees will construe statements in the same way. The management is advised to consider the academic levels of employees in questionnaire wording. Employee expectation is another challenge that the management has to deal with when conducting a survey on the attitudes and opinions of workers. In this regard, managers are advised to consider convincing employees that the survey is meant to bring positive change before embarking on data collection. In many cases, Wright (2008) suggests that surveys are used for regulatory reasons, but not to address problems that employees face. An employee feels frustrated in case his or her expectations are not fulfilled after the survey. Such an employee might not participate in future surveys. In an organizational set up, it is rare for the management to believe that a problem exists. The survey is often conducted to establish whether employees are comfortable with their positions in the organization. In some scenarios, the survey might reveal serious problems, which might force the management to bury the findings of the survey. In this case, the organization will have wasted valuable time and resources in commissioning a program that will not be used to improve performance. Costs, Risks, and Potential Difficulties of Using a Survey The process of designing, assembling, and dissemin ating the questionnaire is tiresome and extremely expensive. The organization must plan adequately for the exercise for better results to be achieved. The cost of the survey depends on the sample size, which means that the larger the sample size, the higher the cost of conducting a survey. In most cases, the use of surveys in testing employee satisfaction is not effective because managers might decide to hide the results and apply their own solutions, which might not address the major issues facing employees. One potential risk is that the organization might perhaps proceed to draft policies based on the results, yet employees lacked truthfulness when responding to questions. This might end up straining the operation of the organization since wrong policies will be drafted. Many employees are often reluctant to give negative answers even if they are assured that they would not be victimized. The results of the survey might not be of any help to the management meaning that resources will have been wasted on dubious projects. For this problem to be resolved, the management should be genuine and guarantee employee safety since a number of them are mindful of their positions. Benson and Brown (2011) suggest that it is always difficult for managers to accept the fact that their leadership skills are inaccurate. This implies that they will tend to reject all results that criticize their managerial skills. Based on this, the top management should exercise impartiality and exercise professionalism by accepting criticism. Managers should be informed that criticism helps them in developing their careers in a number of ways. If not well administered, surveys can generate a potentially antagonistic working atmosphere whereby the relationship between managers and employees is worse. Benefits of the Survey Through the survey, feedback and action planning is possible. The senior management should develop a tendency of sharing information with other stakeholders, particularly the union officials to prevent any discontent. In this regard, the use of intranet and email in information circulation within the organization is highly recommended. If the information is considered sensitive as far as organizational goals and objectives are concerned, the management is advised to convene a meeting with employees to iron out some of the thorny issues. At all times, the management needs to engage the union officials in discussions to establish the major areas of improvement (Chew, Horwitz, 2004). The survey allows the development of an action plan, which should take place at all levels. First, the top management should design an action plan that will act as a blue print to other organizational units. In the modern organizational behavior, it is advisable to push action planning to the manager level implying that each unit manager should have a unique way of handling employee dissatisfaction using surveys. Conducting a survey before implementing a policy allows con sultation with union representatives. An organization that conducts surveys will always embrace participative leadership style, which is known for its effectiveness. Organizations have an opportunity of conducting a study using focused group discussion guide after establishing through survey that employees have issues that need to be addressed urgently. The organization will have adequate time to plan and delve deep into the major problems that employees face in the organization. Strong policies on how to improve can be designed in case employees are engaged in the process. Ethical and Professional Issues in Conducting Employee Surveys Ethics and professional must always be considered when conducting employee survey. In fact, the credibility of results is influenced by ethical and professional considerations. One of the ethical issues to be considered is communication, which implies that the management must inform employees the exact date, time, and the purpose of the survey (Hmelo- Silver, 2004). Again, the results must be communicated to employees, irrespective of the outcome. The management should not try to hide the results, even if they are implicated. Doing this would be exercising professional codes of conducts. Finally, the organization must consider cultural issues when trying to extract valuable information from employees. Each employee should be given adequate time to fill the questionnaire without harassment and intimidation. References Benson, J., Brown, M. (2011). Generations at work: are there differences and do they matter? The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 22(9), 1843-1865. Chew, I., Horwitz, F. (2004). Human resource management strategies in practice: Case-study findings in multinational firms. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 42(1), 32-55. Gunningham, N., Sinclair, D. (2011). A Cluster of Mistrust: Safety in the Mining Industry. Journal of Industrial Relations, 53(4), 450–466. Hmelo-Silver, C. E. (2004) . Problem-Based Learning: What and How Do Students Learn? Educational Psychology Review, 16(3), 235-266. Mitra, T., Gupta, N., Shaw, J. (2010). A comparative examination of traditional and skill-based pay plans. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 26(4), 278-296. Nankervis, A., Compton, R.L., Baird, M., Coffey, J. (2011). Human Resource Management: Strategy and Practice. Cengage Learning: South Melbourne. Wright, C. (2008). Reinventing Human Resource Management: Business Partners, Internal Consultants, and the Limits to Professionalization. Human Relations, 61(8), 1063-1086.

Research Skills and Principles Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Research Skills and Principles - Assignment Example modelled to solve the shortcomings associated with Traditional IP-based networks, ATM networks and Frame Relay in the management of enormously large networks like scalability flexibility, security, and cost?. Such a question is sufficient and in line with the aim of the study. It is effective to help the researchers study the impacts of the interior gateway routing protocols in the MPLS VPN. The approach employed in the study is sufficient and closely linked to the study question and objectives. Such an approach helped the researchers to investigate and validate their new proposed design. The authors proposed a new design that merged both features of layer three such as intelligence and scalability with those of layer two such as simplicity and efficiency culminating into MPLS/BGPVPNS design. The authors first conducted a thorough literature review on the related topic. This was of great benefit as it provided the bedrock for the study. The review of the literature helped the authors to get valuable insights into the current problem the system has and thus need for alternative. The reviewed literature in the MPLS, VPN, and MPLS VPN technology presented the best opportunity for gathering the information for a satisfactory fathoming of linked concepts to the current study. Subsequently, the authors did awesome work by indulging into an in-depth deliberation on various routine concepts. Such a discussion availed the avenue critically to investigate the effects of interior gateways routing protocol. Moreover, the authors should be lauded because they gave specifications of the twin routing protocol for the present study. The two simulation approach employed were appropriate and in line with the study questions and objectives. The simulation help to probe the two design separately to make a rational decision. This was necessary to gauge the merits and demerits of each design which would later inform the investigators of the most appealing design to implement. The use

Company Report (on KPMG) Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Company Report (on KPMG) - Coursework Example After the merge, there were disagreements on the name of the firm but in 1990 it was agreed to name the firm as KPMG Peat Marwick McLintock. This name was changed later in 1991 to KPMG Peat Marwick and remained so up to 1999 when the name was reduced to KPMG. The company has presence in various countries in the world. Every national KPMG firm is a separate independent legal entity and is a member of KPMG international cooperative (KPMG PEAT MARWICK, 1980). KPMG offers its services to various markets and industries. Its markets are classified into financial services; where advisory services are offered. It majors in capital management, credit crisis and balance sheet management. Second are Consumer and Industrial Markets; the company works in helping industries to solve challenges associated with changing business and industrial environment. Information, communications and entertainment marker is another great sector. The rapid changes in these sectors require rapid response. As a result, KPMG offer adequate advisory services on ways to cope with these changes. Governments provide the other market (KPMG, 1998). Every government in the globe works toward spurring economic growth. The company provides financial advice, performance improvement and programme management services to governments. KPMG is an international company with its international headquarters in Amstelveen, Netherlands. It has branches in various countries with more than 156 countries around the globe. The company’s global employee’s number total to more than 152000 exceptional professionals. The company’s chairman is in Hong Kong. KPMG offers various products to its clients. First, is auditing services; it offers auditing services to various companies over the globe. They provide audited financial reports and other attestations reports. Second are taxation services; in the current economic world companies outsource taxation services.

Deforestation In Rain Forests Environmental Sciences Essay

Deforestation In Rain Forests Environmental Sciences Essay Deforestation in all Rain Forests is a major issue. Natural forests are cleared through logging and/or burning. Deforestation is being caused by people cutting down the trees for wood, agricultural space and urbanization space. Two cause of deforestation are conversion of forests and forest degradation. Conversion of forest means other land uses including pulp, palm, and soy plantations, and things like roads and other infrastructure. Forest degradation comes from fires, illegal and unsustainable logging, fuel wood harvesting, and climate change. 12 to 15 million hectares of forest are lost each year and are responsible for 15% of all greenhouse gas emissions. Tropical forests are where deforestation is most prevalent, and holds more than 210 gigatonnes of carbon. There are many effects of deforestation like reduce biodiversity, release of greenhouse gas emissions, disrupts water cycles, increases soil erosion, and disrupts livelihoods. There are always two sides to a controversial i ssue. Description The first sides that I am going to be talking about are the pros for deforestation. There are many pros for deforestation like that it will help bring income for families and creates jobs, build homes, and uses wood in their daily lives. In addition, there are many wood products out in the world, and creating grazing and farming lands. Also, some forest areas contain natural resources, so mining will take place instead. Overall, there are many pros to deforestation, but people are causing extra damage, so the cost becomes expensive. There are many benefits to deforestation; it helps out people all around the world. Cutting down the trees would help bring in income for families. Logging corporations help with economy by creating jobs for people. Having the trees cut down, would help build shelters, and homes for people. People use wood for everything, like cooking and a source of energy which helps with daily lives. Wood products such as tables, chairs, dressers, wheel-barrels, construction of doors, window frames, crates, coffins, furniture, plywood sheets, chopsticks, household utensils and other items. The price of the wood is sold to wealthy people who pay 100 times more than the locals. Create land for farming and grazing land for cattle is the largest causes of deforestation. Some forested areas contain other natural resources, such as iron ore or mineral deposits. Deforestation is caused by companies that go in and mine for these resources. Most of the rain forest timber on the international market is sold to rich countries. People who have moved into rain forest areas and established small-scale farming operations cause more harm by cutting down more tree on top of the corporation log large areas of the rain forest. These are the landless peasants who have followed roads that have already damaged rain forest areas. The additional damage they are causing is extensive. Shifted cultivators are currently being blamed for 60% of tropical forest loss. On the other hand, there are many cons to deforestation. What we dont realize how much damage that we cause. Some of the cons to deforestation are that there is a reduction in biodiversity, and some of the animals are being affected by this. In addition, climate change, soil erosion, and nutrients are lost to deforestation. Another con of deforestation is the increase with greenhouse gas emissions, which will affect the water cycle causing soil erosions. The last con to deforestation is that it will disrupt animals and people living there. Biodiversity is mixture of animals, plants, humans and other organisms living together. Deforestation and forest degradation can cause biodiversity to decline. People rely on the forests, through small-scale agriculture, for hunting and gathering and by harvesting forest products. Indigenous people, plants and animals are driven out, and many plants and animals may become extinct. When forests are destroyed, wildlife is deprived of their habitat pushing them into populated areas. Considering that about 80% of the worlds documented species can be found in tropical rain forests, deforestation puts at risk a majority of the Earths biodiversity(wwf). Some animals that are being harmed by deforestation are spider monkey, Manatee, and Bengal tiger. For an example the spider monkey mainly live high up in the canopy and depends on trees and other vegetation to survive. The spider monkey also uses plant to get their food. Spider Monkeys eat fruits, leaves and nuts and occasionally insects. Spider Monkeys are located in Central and South America and some parts of Mexico. Another species threatened by deforestation is the manatee which is related to the elephant. Also manatee lives all around the world, mostly in tropical warm water areas range in central South American water that flows through the rain forest and as far north as Florida. The last species of animal that are affected deforestation is the Bengal tigers can be found in southeast Asia in parts of India, China, Bangladesh and Indonesia as well as other southeast Asian countries. The Bengal tiger is endangered. The tiger is losing its native land to loss of habitat push the t iger into more populated areas. Climate change, soil erosion and nutrients are lost making the ground insecure. Since the ground is insecure and lack of plant life holding water creates flooding in watersheds. Increased soil erosion from lack of trees and water accelerates rates of soil erosion, by increasing runoff and reducing the protection of the soil from tree litter. The flooding will also cause landslides to form. Deforestation also disrupts water cycle. As a result of deforestation, trees no longer evaporate groundwater, which can cause the local climate to be much drier. In addition, it will also dry out parts of the world or flood other parts of the world. A good example about the climate change is that in the Mediterranean, summers have become hotter, with less and less humidity and more winds. With these kinds of conditions, it will help create forest fires. There are also more intensive rains and storms during winter which leads to increased vegetation, which in summer dries out and becomes fuel for fires (wwf). With different climate changes, there are always more chances for forest fires happening. Global warming which is caused by large amounts of Carbon dioxide floating in the atmosphere. The rays of the sun go through the atmosphere, but become trapped in the atmosphere, causing the temperature of the planet to rise. Deforestation accelerates this by reducing the number of trees, which help to convert Carbon dioxide into oxygen. Deforestation causes 15% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Of these, carbon dioxide emissions represent up to one-third of total carbon dioxide emissions released because of human causes (wwf). The last cause of deforestation is that it disrupts people and animals living there. Deforestation pose severe social problems and leading to violent conflicts in resources. Rain forests are destroyed by heavy machinery used to penetrate the forests and build roads causes extensive damage, and gathering only few logs are gathered. Trees fallen and soil is compacted by heavy machinery which does not allow forests regenerate. Local tribes and people are disrupted; birds and animals are dislocated by logging which plays a major role in deforestation. Roads that built in rain forest which poor farmers use to get in to the rain forest and cause more deforestation. Position My position on the issue about wanting to save the rain forest and stop deforestation. I believe that the cons out way the pros because there are many threats, but there are all different kinds of solutions. One of the treats is that animals are losing their habitat and forest is being lost. In addition, the rain forest affects the climate because it helps to lower greenhouse gas emissions. Also, you would see different climate patterns and sometimes soil erosions. In addition, there is also illegal lodging. Some of the methods that we could possibly do are to restore forests that we are destroying, so that we can fix up the parts that we messed up. I think we have get out there and let more people know so we will be able to stop it. In addition, I think we should enforce the laws and treaties that are out there in order to achieve zero deforestation. I believe that if we do not stop deforestation, we wont have a planet where we are able to breath clean air and loss all different kin ds of species and plants. Overall, I believe that we should save the rain forest and stop deforestation before it gets too bad. Discussion on my Position There are many threats to deforestation in rain forests. Some of the threats that we are causing is the logging interests for cutting down rain forest for timber that we use in flooring, furniture, and other items. Hydroelectric projects flood acres of rain forest which means habitats are lost and forest communities and wildlife have to move. In addition, mining operations helps clear forest to gain natural resources, but they contaminate the forest eco-system with their runoff. Another threat to deforestation is a bunch of different types of industries and even sometimes the government. The first type is power plants and other industries because they cut and burn trees to help generate electricity. The second type of industry is paper industry because they turn huge tracts of rain forest trees into pulp. The third is governments and industries because they clear and cut forests away, to help make way for service and transit roads. Agricultural interests are also a major cause of def orestation. For example, cattle industry is one of them because they use slash-and-burn techniques to clear ranch land and the soy industry to clear forests for cropland. In addition, farmers like to slash-and-burn rain forest for firewood and to make room for crops and grazing lands. The last threat of deforestation is building roads because they are clearing the forests to make roads. In addition by making roads through the habitat, we are endangering the wildlife habitats, so we might get rid of amazing specie because it no longer has it habitat to live in. The last thing with building roads is that it helps provide a good access point for illegal loggers and other business operations to gain more access to the forest. Biodiversity is a major part of the world. It does not affect only humans, but it can also affect species and plants. In the rain forest, many different types of species and plants live there. For example, 1,500 species of flowering plants, 750 species of trees, 125 mammal species, 400 species of birds, 100 species of reptiles, 60 species of amphibians, and 150 different species of butterflies. In addition, there are many species of fish living near the rivers. For instance, in this quote there are more fish species in the Amazon river system than in the entire Atlantic Ocean (savetherainforest.org). In Indonesia and Malaysia, more and more trees are cut down to produce palm oil, resulted in the loss of habitat for the native orangutans. With the loss of many trees many animals are becoming homeless that soon more animals will show up under the Endangered Species Act. The last thing is that Rainforests are home to two-thirds of all living animal and plant species on the planet, with hundreds of millions of species still undiscovered (coolingearth.org). The rain forest helps with keeping the air clean and the water cycle on track. It also helps with soil erosions. It cycles the Carbon dioxide and creating less CO2 emissions. A hectare (2.471 acres) of rain forest absorbs one ton of carbon dioxide (CO2) per year (savetherainforest.org). From people clearing and destroying the rain forest is creating a less places for CO2 to be absorbed. Since people are removing trees, we are just helping with Global warming. This relates to Global Warming because the Rainforests are critical to global weather systems acting as the worlds thermostat (cooleath.org). In addition, with the climate being so weird, there are chances of more flooding in some areas and in other area dryness. There are several methods out to stop deforestation and for saving rain forests. The first method to help stop deforestation is reforestation. Basically what I am talking about is that we can replant trees that we cut down. In addition, you join environmental awareness groups that would help you advocate about reforestation. The second method to stop deforestation is support laws and programs that are made to protect forests and to end deforestation. One program that made a difference is the Forestry Action Plan. The third method to stop deforestation is that you should only cut down mature trees and keeping the younger trees intact. For every tree that is lost, you should try to replace it with another one. The fourth method to stop deforestation is by using recycle items, so you would not need to replace new raw material. The last method is that you can limit your consumption of products that contain palm oil. For example, you can limit your consumption on breads, chocolates, and e ven some cosmetics such as shampoo, soap or toothpaste. When I talk about the consumption of products, I also mean your food consumption like that you can roast or boil your foods. There are many laws and treaties out there to help achieve zero deforestation, but we have to try harder. I believe that if we all try to work together I am sure that we will be able to achieve what we want. Some of the laws that we can use are the Wilderness Act, Lacey Act, and the Roadless Rule. Theses can help protect the U.S. forests and stop illegal wood products from entering the U.S. marketplace. Another law is The Tropical Forest and Coral Conservation Reauthorization Act 2009 to help give developing countries a financial incentive to promote environmental conservation within their own borders (coolearth.org). One of the treaties that we use is the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). The reason why we use this treaty is to help protect forests and the endangered plant and animal species that rely on forest for habitats (greenpeace.org). Question During my research about deforestation in rain forests, some questions came up about it. The first question is what would be the point of replanting the trees if you are just going to cut the tree down again? The second question that came up during my research is if we have all these different kinds of laws, then why dont we see changes? In addition, why dont they try to enforce the laws better? Conclusion My Work Cited: Akinyemi, Aaron. New US law uses debt relief to help conserve tropical rainforests Protecting rainforests with Cool Earth Action Keeping carbon where it belongs. Home Protecting rainforests with Cool Earth Action Keeping carbon where it belongs. Cool Earth Action, n.d. Web. 5  Dec.  2012. . Benefits of Deforestation | EDU.UDYM.com. EDU.UDYM Information for your life. Get the benefit of our combined research and effort to guide your information needs. N.p., 5  Aug.  2008. Web. 5  Dec.  2012. . Deforestation the Effects It Has on a Global Scale | National Geographic. Green Living | National Geographic. N.p., n.d. Web. 5  Dec.  2012. . Deforestation Facts, Deforestation Information, Effects of Deforestation National Geographic. Environment Facts, Environment Science, Global Warming, Natural Disasters, Ecosystems, Green Living National Geographic. N.p., n.d. Web. 5  Dec.  2012. . Fiset, Nathalie. 8 Basic Ways of Preventing Deforestation. EzineArticle Submission. N.p., 29  Mar.  2007. Web. 5  Dec.  2012. . Rain Forest Threats, Rain Forest Species National Geographic. Environment Facts, Environment Science, Global Warming, Natural Disasters, Ecosystems, Green Living National Geographic. N.p., n.d. Web. 5  Dec.  2012. . Rainforest Animals. Rainforest Animals. Sciennected, 4  Jan.  2001. Web. 5  Dec.  2012. . Rainforest Destruction. Save The Rainforest. N.p.,  2001. Web. 5  Dec.  2012. . Solutions to Deforestation | Greenpeace. Greenpeace International Home | Greenpeace International. GREENPEACE,  2012. Web. 5  Dec.  2012. . The Rainforest Protecting rainforests with Cool Earth Action Keeping carbon where it belongs. Home Protecting rainforests with Cool Earth Action Keeping carbon where it belongs. Cool Earth Action, n.d. Web. 5  Dec.  2012. . WWF Deforestation. WWF WWF. N.p., n.d. Web. 5  Dec.  2012. .

Achieving Individuation: A Jungian Archetypal Analysis Of ‘Snow White’ And ‘Cinderella’

Fairy tales are timeless stories. They are an integral part of human tradition. It arose thousands of years ago from a wide variety of tiny tales. They were widespread throughout the world and continue in our own day, though the older forms and contents have changed to reflect new realities. They were originally handed from one generation to the next by storytelling. The oral tradition of storytelling allowed each teller to make adaptations that pertained to current condition, or to add different morals depending on the audience.The most common fairy tales were not originally written for children. It is said that they were told by women, and were often more inventive and nastier, than the tales first put into print. As simple, imaginative oral tales that contained magical and miraculous elements, it was originally related to the then belief systems, values, rites and experiences of pagan people. Then it underwent numerous transformations. It shaped and was re-shaped by the interactio n of orality and print and other technological innovations like film, radio and so.Yet, every versions of fairy tale have deep, symbolic meanings that shed light in the culture that originated the tale. Also, there were lots of similarities in these tales. These similarities are those in the meaning conveyed, through certain archetypes (the recurrent patterns) in almost every story. In a nutshell, one can say that fairy tales changed with the cultural needs, demands and ideologies. The symbols and archetypes have remained virtually the same in all versions, though fairy tales changed over time to adapt to the society.LITERATURE REVIEWThere have been lots of studies and research on fairy tales. Perhaps, Jack Zipes is presently the most popular figure in the field of fairy tale studies. Jack Zipes, in ‘When Dreams Come True’, discusses the history of fairy tales, fairy tales from different countries, and the Grimm Brothers collections. Zipes focuses on â€Å"the role the literary fairy tale has assumed in the civilizing process by impairing values, norms and aesthetic tastes to children and adults. † Bruno Bettelheim, a child psychologist, looked at thepsychological meaning of fairy tales for children. In his book ‘The Uses of Enchantment’, Bettelheim explained the symbols found in the classic ‘snow white' story and interpreted the morals found in the fairy tale. He wrote the book to help the audience â€Å"to become fully aware of the importance of fairy tales. † N. J. Girardot discusses on myths and fairy tales in his article ‘Initiation and Meaning in the Tale of Snow White’. He shows the underlying structure of the tale of Snow White and relates it to different phases of a girl’s maturation.METHODOLOGYThis project will look at the archetypes found in various versions of fairy tales- literary and digital. Different sources are used to gather the various versions of popular fairy tales, especial ly ‘Snow White' and ‘Cinderella'. Concentrating on the archetypes, the paper will explore on how the theory of collective unconscious is related to fairy tales and how it works in the versions till date. Through an analysis, it intends to show that the theory of collective unconscious is valid for all literature of all time, with the archetypes in them.Recently, there have been lots of studies and research on fairy tales. Around the world, there is an enhanced interest in fairy tale studies, which has now become one of the most popular research topics in various large universities. This research, relating fairy tales and archetypes, is quite significant if we look into the modern or contemporary literature. Many of the modern fiction include fairy tale elements as well as archetypal elements in them. Thus, the relevance if this study of fairy tales and archetypes lies in almost every branch if literature.2. FAIRY TALES AND THE COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUSFairy tale is one of t he oldest literary genres. It is a genre of folk literature, representing mythology, folk wisdom, moral lessons and entertainment. They present the social norms of human behavior. Fairy tales are a type of short stories that typically feature such fairy tale characters, as elves, fairies, goblins, dwarfs, giants, trolls or gnomes, and often also magic and spells. However, only a small number of fairy tales refer to fairies. Fairy tales for kids may, nevertheless, be distinguishedfrom other types of folk narratives such as ballads and legends and explicitly moral tales, including beast fables. Fairy tales are common in oral as well as in literary form. The history of fairy tales is very difficult to trace accurately because only the literary forms can survive in a more or less exact original form. As the transmission of folk tales was particularly oral, many local variants of the tales appeared. Each of them reflected the social and cultural conditions of the story tellers and listen ers, and also their expectations and ideals.Such a variability and modification of the main storyline is one of the characteristics of the fairy tale genre. In certain parts of the world, in which cultures creatures such as demons, wizards and witches were perceived as real, fairy tales may have evolved into legends. Unlike legends and epics, however, fairy tales usually contain only superficial references to religious practices and actual places, events and people. They often take place â€Å"once upon a time† and not in actual specified time setting. Fairy tales fall into the basic genre of the oral folk literature.The term oral ‘folk lore’ represents various kinds of orally transmitted literature in the form of narration or verse. It includes folk wisdoms, sayings and proverbs, myths, legends and, fairy tales. Even if we know that many ancient texts similar to our fairy tales existed, the particular name â€Å"fairy tale† was first used by the French wr iter Madame d'Aulnoy, who named her stories â€Å"contes de fee†(a fairy tale) on the outset of eighteenth century. A fairy tale is said to be an epic narration that tells a simple, fictional story which may show a similarity with myth.There are various approaches to the classification of the fairy tale genre. Some are based on their motives, some on their similarities in storylines, characters, linguistic features and content. General classification of fairy tales is based on the similarity of storylines and differentiates into three main classes of tales:Magic fairy tales, which are characterized as stories with some occurrence of a magic thing or enchantment.Animal fairy tales, where Animals represent people and have human qualities.Legendary fairy tales, where biblical characters can appear.So, as per the above classification, both ‘Cinderella' and ‘Snow White' belong to the category of magic fairy tales. Fairy tales of various cultures show different features . They penetrate into other genres as myths or legends, and may accept features of fables, etc. Thus, the classification of fairy tales is broad and not so easy.2. 1. HISTORY OF FAIRY TALESa) Oral fairy tales A fairy tale represents very popular form of folk narration. Since it was handed from one generation to the next by storytelling, fairy tales changed a bit every time it was told.The teller modifies the storyline and characters to interest his audience. The modifications designed for specific audience are usual in the whole history of every narration. Such an adaptation of a story guarantees its further circulation because the story is kept current and interesting. Also, more plots and additional motives can be added and this will influence the consequent choice of characters. The early history of fairy tales and myths were handed down through generations in the oral tradition by peasants, story tellers, dancers, in feast around the festival fire, or by the various leaders.As t ribes wondered around or voyaged to other lands, their tales spread and were shared. Tribes intermarried and, eventually, women passed on what they had known. Although cultures were different, much was the same in the overall experience throughout the mortal world- life, death, love, joy, hate, strife, survival and the cycles of nature. They could all relate to each other's stories, having very similar themes. Through the centuries, tales, gradually, were tamed down, became more fanciful and noble so as to fit a modern, cultured society.The history of fairy tales, myths and legends dates back to ancient India, Persia, Egypt as well as some of the Greek and Roman mythology. Various versions of these legends and myths already existed in the old world of Europe and America. Eventually, they were written down and evolved into the so called fairy tales. It is impossible to separate out the changes and variations occurred to fairy tales, and follow their history. In other words, one canno t trace a fairy tale to the place or the culture of its origin certainly. Although a fairy tale can be recorded, in the moment of its record the narration becomes invariable.The oral transmission of tales does not stabilize by its recording, but the narration develops further. Thus, more and more variants of one fairy tale have been created. b) Literary fairy tales: Fairy tales were, originally, not written for children, but for adults. They were not suitable for children at all, in fact, with questionable content and much cruelty and violence. As they were passed down through the centuries, they have been rewritten for the younger generations. Orally transmitted stories attracted attention of collectors of folk production within Europe in the sixteenth century.The first European collectors of folk tales were the Italian authors Giovanni Francesco Straparola and G. Basile with collections of tales ‘The Facetious Nights' and ‘Neapolitan Tales'. Charles Perrault, a French collector of seventeenth century, collected common French folktales in ‘Mother Goose Tales’. Perrault's tales included ‘The Cinderella Story', ‘The Sleeping Beauty', ‘The Bluebeard', etc. He transcribed eleven fairy tales overall, most of which are very popular today. On the turn of the 18th and 19th century, the Brothers Grimm collected the German folktales.Their first work was published in 1812. It contained tales in more than ten German original dialects. Their first edition contained a record of a Cinderella story, which was told to them by a young French woman named Marie Hassentug. This fairy tale and some others were omitted in the second edition, because the Brothers Grimm considered them French and not originally German. Literary and language changes were also made in the second edition of the fairy tales in 1815 to make the tales more acceptable to the readers. Yet, both of these editions became an inspiration for the next collectors of folk tales.The name ‘fairy tales' came long before the time of Brothers Grimm. Madame d'Aulnoy of France was the first to use the term, introducing it to her friends at their parties. They were told to and meant for adults. She used the phrase ‘fairy tale' in French as ‘contes de fee', and had her writings published. The word ‘fee' referred to a woman of magic; ‘feerie' referred to illusion. As use of these words spread, they came to be known as ‘faerie' or ‘fairy' in English speaking countries. The term ‘fairy tales' first appeared in Oxford Dictionary in 1749.In the 18th century, the writings of Jean Marie Le Prince de Beaumont (also in France), became popular, especially since her stories were written more for children. She was one of the first to do so. Particularly wide spread was her ‘Beauty and the Beast'. Around the same time frame as the Brothers Grimm in the 19th century, Hans Christian Anderson was collecting and publishing his fairy tales in Denmark. He is known as the father of modern fairy tales. His stories such as ‘Thumbelina', ‘The Snow White', ‘The Little Mermaid', ‘The Ugly Duckling', spread far and wide.Again, they had a certain amount of conflict and sadness, very understandable to the common folk of the time. Many of the fairy tales were not about fairies. They included other creatures like trolls, goblins, elves, dwarfs, giants, gnomes, and also talking beasts such as dragons, unicorns, centaurs, and phoenix birds. There was somehow a knowing that the world beyond the veil was vast and rich, though no human eye ever saw it. So, all fairy tales happened â€Å"once upon a time† and not in actual specified setting.2. 2 ARCHETYPES AND THE COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUSA lot of modern theory on what makes a good story is based on the work of Carl. G. Jung and Joseph Campbell, both of whom were fascinated with mythology and religion. The great psychologist and philosopher, Carl Gustav Jung, influenced the mythological criticism greatly. He believed that there exists a â€Å"universal unconscious†. This idea indicates that every individual has access to â€Å"a shared set of images, called archetypes, common to all people†. The universal unconscious was expressed in art, literature and myth and Jungian literary criticism focused specifically on the analysis of archetypes in literature and written mythology.Much of the literary characters that we are most familiar with from legends, fairy tales and mythology are examples of what Jung would classify as archetypes. According to Jung’s notion of the psyche, the human mind can be divided into two- the conscious part and the unconscious part. The unconscious part of the mind covers all the life experience, knowledge, education and social training. It contains aspects of any skill acquired during the life. The skill is later brought into practice consciously, with the awareness of its re ason and consequence.The personal unconscious layer of the mind covers acquired life experience and behavior, of which reasons and origin cannot be easily identified. An example of unconscious experience is fear of a dog. The person is aware of his or her fear because of previous attack. If a dog attacks a small child, and it forgets it, the experience is suppressed and becomes a part of the unconscious. The child then feels uneasy with dogs for the rest of his life, without knowing the reason. Carl Jung believed that beneath these two layers of the conscious and the unconscious, there lies another layer which he called the â€Å"collective unconscious†.In developing his theory of racial memory and archetypes, Jung asserted that beneath the conscious and unconscious layers of mind â€Å"is a primeval, collective unconscious shared in the psychic inheritance of all members of the human family†. As Jung himself explains in ‘The Structure and Dynamics of the Psycheà ¢â‚¬â„¢, ‘If it were possible to personify the unconscious, we might think of it as a collective human being combining the characteristics of both the sexes, transcending youth and age, birth and death, and from having at its command a human experience of one or two million years, practically immortal.If such a being existed, it would be exalted over all temporal change; the present would mean neither more nor less to it than any year in the hundredth millennium before Christ; †¦it would have lived countless times over again the life of the individual, the family, the tribe, and the nation, and it would possess a living sense of the rhythm of growth, flowering and decay. ’(349-50) Thus, the collective unconscious covers the experience of whole humankind, acquired during millions of years of the human evolution. Jung described the content of the collective unconscious more explicitly.He claims that there are behavioral patterns (that are collective) in every human m ind. Just as certain instincts are inherited by the lower Animals (for example, the instinct of the baby chicken to run from a hawk’s Shadow), so more complex psychic predispositions are inherited by human beings. Jung says that â€Å"mind is not born as a ‘tabula-rasa’ [a clean slate]. Like the body, it has its pre-established individual definiteness; namely, forms of behavior. They become manifest in the ever-recurring patterns of psychic functions†.He refers to the manifestations as â€Å"archetypes† or â€Å"motifs† or â€Å"primordial images†. Thus, Jung presented the notion of an archetype- a symbolic demonstration of the collective behavioral patterns in every human mind. â€Å"These archetypes can be found only in the human’s unconscious and people consciously do not know that they follow a general pattern of behavior. (Jung) This theory suggests that all people have all the possible archetypes in the unconscious part o f the mind. The adequate archetype activates and controls our behavior according to various life situations.Jung detected an intimate relationship between dreams, myths and art in that all three serves as media through which archetypes become accessible to consciousness. In other words, myths are the means by which archetypes, essentially unconscious forms, become manifest and articulate to the conscious mind. The context of character, situation and places can provide a space for a particular archetype to occur. The universal unconscious was expressed in art, literature and myth, and Jungian literary criticism focused specifically on analysis of archetypes in literature and written mythology.A Jungian literary may simply evaluate the effectiveness as a particular archetype in a novel. While reading literature in Jungian literary criticism, the central character is viewed as real, while most other characters are seen as symbolic representations of aspects of the hero’s unconsc ious self. The characters all stand for parts of the protagonist’s unconscious desires or parts of the unconscious which the character has yet to access.2. 3 JUNG’S THEORY OF INDIVIDUATIONAccording to Carl Gustav Jung, the goal of all humans is to achieve a state where the unconscious is known and integrated into the conscious mind.In other words, the unconscious aim of all people is to become their own self. This process is called individuation. Individuation is the final stage of the human development that represents the union of the matured individual identity with one of the unconscious archetypes. It is a process that can take the whole life, but it can also be achieved through a particular life situation. Individuation is a reconciliation of a man with his real self, which has to be consciously accepted and requires extra courage and honesty.The theory of individuation is related to those archetypes designated as the ‘Shadow’, ‘Persona’ and the ‘Anima/Animus’. The Shadow, the Persona, and the Anima/ Animus are the structural components of the psyche that human beings have inherited. We encounter these archetypes throughout the myths and the literatures. Here, the Anima/Animus, the Shadow, and the Persona are projected, respectively, in the character of the heroine, the villain and the hero. The Shadow is the darker side of our conscious self, the inferior and less pleasing aspects of the Personality, which we wish to suppress.The most common variant of the archetype, when projected, is the Devil. In Jung’s words, the Devil represents the â€Å"dangerous aspect of the unrecognized dark half of the Personality†. Shadow contains all the negative tendencies the individual wishes to deny, including our Animal instincts, as well as our undeveloped positive and negative qualities. Its contents include those tendencies, desires and memories that are rejected by the individual and are contrary to the social standards and ideals. The Persona is the appearance we present to the world.It is the character we assume and that which we relate to others. The Persona includes our social roles, the kind of clothes we choose to wear and our individual styles of expressing ourselves. The term ‘Persona’ comes from the Latin, meaning â€Å"mask† or â€Å"false-face†, as in the mask worn by an actor on a stage through which he speaks. Jung, in discussing this social mask, explains that, to acheive psychological maturity, the individual must have a flexible, viable Persona that can be brought into harmonious relationship with the other components of his/her psychic make-up.He states, furthermore, that a Persona that is too artificial and rigid results in such symptoms of neurotic disturbance as irritability and melancholy. The Anima/Animus is perhaps the most complex of Jung’s archetypes. It is the complement of the Persona. The Anima and Animus are the unc onscious or true inner self of an individual, as opposed to the Persona or outer aspect of the personality. The Anima is for males and the Animus is for females. It can be identified as the totality of the unconscious feminine psychological qualities that a male possess; or the masculine psychological qualities possessed by the female.The Anima manifests itself by appearing as figures in dreams as well as by influencing a man’s interaction with women and his attitudes towards them, and vice-versa for females and the Animus. The Anima functions as the primary mediator between unconscious and conscious. It is oriented primarily towards inner process, just as the Persona is oriented to the outer. In this project, two of the most popular fairy tales have been selected- Cinderella and Snow White. Both the fairy tales will be analyzed and interpreted based on the Jungian psychology.Indicating that both the fairy tales are actually a psychological process, I will try to reveal the a rchetypes in the stories and show how Snow White and Cinderella goes through the process of individuation to achieve their true self. Also, by analyzing both fairy tales from this perspective, I will try to reveal the similarity of archetypes in these independently created fairy tales.3. ARCHETYPES IN ‘SNOW WHITE’‘Snow White’ is a magic fairy tale. It is the story in which a child is victimized by an adult. Adult anxieties and jealousies cause the adult in the story to act against the children, who are being the objects of adult jealousy.‘Snow White’ is a classic example of a fairy tale with many characteristic fairy tale elements. There are magical elements, a fictional setting, and characters with supernatural powers, a heroine, a happy ending and themes of adult anxieties. Snow White goes through changes from a girl to a woman by the end of the story. In almost every version of Snow White these elements exists. The most popular and current v ersion of ‘Snow White’ is Disney’s 1937 movie ‘Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs’. The Disney movie is very similar to the oldest known copy of the tale, the Grimm Brother’s 1857 version of ‘Little Snow White’.The Grimms collected the fairy tales that they printed from oral tales. The probable beginning of the story of Snow White exists in an oral tale. There are many other versions of ‘Snow White’, mostly found in Italy and all similar to the Grimm Brothers’ version. While some of the details of the story may have been changed to fit each culture, the same themes exist in each story, though each version was independently created. In other words, the story of Snow White can be found with little variations all over the world.So, it is a fairy tale which has a lot of meanings for many people and, like myth, continues to fascinate.3. 1 SNOW WHITE: A BRIEF HISTORYAlthough the most famous version of the tale today is Disney’s classic Animated film ‘Snow White and the Seven dwarfs’, it has existed in many versions in the centuries preceding Disney. The Grimm Brothers collected the tale from the two sisters- Jeannette and Amalie Hassenpflug- who lived in the town of Cassel. The tale was well-known before the Grimms’ collection however and appeared with little variation from Ireland to Asia Minor to Central Africa.The earliest version of the tale can be found in Giambattista Basile’s ‘Pentameron’. It is believed that Basile’s literary version influenced the versions which followed. Disney based his film on the Grimms’ version of the tale. Disney actually changed some aspects of the tale which had been edited out in the previous versions intended for children, especially the Queen’s demand that Snow White’s heart be delivered to her as proof of the child’s death. In 2012, a Hollywood film ‘Snow White and the Hunt sman’ based on this tale was released by the Universal Studio.3. 2 SNOW WHITE: AN ARCHETYPAL ANALYSISThe tale of Snow white is a very simple one but it still holds much for us that remains deeply buried within its simplicity. Perhaps it was ‘invented’ to show us something of ourselves and perhaps these simple stories are, as C. G. Jung considers myth to be, the ‘unconscious expressions of ourselves’. Like dreams, fairy tales including Snow White and Cinderella, appears to be a product of the human unconscious, that offer a vision that is complementary to the prevailing conscious view.But instead of a dream that functions from the individual psyche, the fairy tale seems to function from an entire culture. It is effectively a collective fantasy. As it is told and retold, elements of the story added by the individual teller fall away, while the more universal theme remain. So it becomes valid for the group of people in general. In this analysis of †˜Little Snow White’ (as recorded by the Grimm Brothers), I will assume that the whole story describes a state of immature feminine psyche. All the images in the story will be seen as aspects of a feminine.Based on Jungian literary criticism, the central character, Snow White, is viewed as real while the other characters (evil step-mother, the huntsman, the seven dwarfs, and the Prince) are seen as symbolic representations of the various aspects of the heroine’s unconscious self. These characters all stand for parts of the unconscious which the heroine will eventually access. The story starts out with a Queen sitting alone by a window in mid-winter. While sewing, a needle pricks her finger and three drops of blood falls on the white snow.Gazing at the drops of blood, the Queen wishes for a girl who is as white as snow, with black hair and cheeks as red as rose. The insistence on whiteness of the girl implies that darker, shadowy aspects are not wished for by the biolog ical mother. They are missing in her child, although the black of the hair hints at deep darkness. ‘Snow White’- the name alone sets the stage and the theme: the story will be about the heroine’s- or a female psyche’s- confrontation with and integration of Shadow aspects. The Queen’s reflection, Jung considers, is a masculine trait within the feminine.The Animus often uses the silent image to illustrate ‘a painter†¦or as a cinema-operator†¦or owner of a picture gallery†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. Snow White’s mother ‘gazed thoughtfully’ on the image and places her future offspring into its structure by visualizing her future child’s attributes. We can find a pure feminine act of imagination as well as Jung’s ‘masculine trait’ of a mother imaging her daughter’s nature prior to birth. At the start of the story, Snow White or the female psyche is far from complete, as she is both innocent and im mature. Also, she lacks a caring mother figure within.In the first paragraph of the fairy tale, we read how the Queen died at the birth of her child and after her death, ‘†¦the king took another wife’. This is the only time when Snow White’s father is mentioned. He is an indolent father because he utterly fails to protect his child from the murderous hands of his new wife. The ‘absent one’ in a person’s life or the one that is least mentioned, the father, has an enormous contribution to the whole tale. Snow White starts out with an almost non-existent father figure or ‘Animus’ and at this stage the mother is dead.This state of the psyche is tragic. It lacks a caring mother image and a father who cannot stand up for her. ‘Doing nothing’ is the most expressive form of violence, because the very act of non-doing prevents its cure. Here, the king does not offer any guidance or suggestions on his daughter’s lif e. He does not even attempt to control the raging forces within her personified as the wicked step-mother. In other words, he does nothing against the opposite raging or the ‘Shadow’. Thus, the father is like a ‘weak Animus’ in the unconscious.The counter balance to the weak Animus is an inflated negative feminine ‘Shadow’ which is totally unconscious and seems to possess a peculiar wisdom of its own in the form of the evil stepmother Queen. As we explore through the story, there is a growth of the primal female in the form of wicked stepmother Queen. This dominant Shadow tries to dislodge the Ego- the center of consciousness and one of the major archetypes of the personality. The Ego provides a sense of consistency and direction in our lives.It tends to oppose whatever might threaten this fragile consistency of consciousness and tries to convince us that we must always consciously plan and analyze our experience. The Ego within Snow White is i nfantile in development and immense. Thus, it is not a surprise that the Shadow is trying to dislodge the Ego. Here, the stepmother Queen is like the Shadow archetype within the unconscious. In many fairy tales, there are two mother figures: one is totally and absolutely good while the other is just as unequivocally dark, sinister or evil.Our tale shows a split in the mother archetype in the feminine psyche. The wicked Queen is envious of Snow White because the young girl is becoming very beautiful, and, eventually, more beautiful than the Queen herself. Jealousy and envy between a mother and daughter are debatable topics in our society. Our understanding of motherhood heavily emphasizes a completely selfless, self-sacrificing mother. We label that as the ‘positive’ pole of the mother archetype. We simply cannot accept that a mother could possibly be envious and jealous of her daughter.Only a wicked stepmother is capable of such ‘unnatural impulses’. As sai d before, the Ego within Snow White is actually under-developed. The Ego began its own development when Snow White was seven years old. It was then we find terrors expressed by the stepmother Queen. This terror can also accommodate jealousy, a lack of love for the child within, which then becomes hateful and murderous that ‘†¦she would have been ready to tear her heart out of her body. ’ (Grimm) This is the first phase of Snow White’s life- from birth to pre-adolescence.During the first phase of her life, Snow White lives in her parental castle literally as well as psychologically. A threatening stepmother’s increasingly malevolent energy (suitable image for a powerful negative mother archetype) propels the heroine into the next phase- the transitional phase. During the transitional phase, the young girl is being prepared for her life as an adult, as a married Queen. In order for her to understand fully all aspects of life, she is â€Å"dropped† into the woods, at a distance of seven mountains away from the castle. She lives in a different, secret world.Now, the transitional stage involves the first glimmer of awareness on the part of Ego. It is considered a threat by the Shadow figure in her psyche- the wicked stepmother. So, the first state of male awareness emerges- the huntsman who will do no harm, but will not protect her either. This is a transit stage for Snow White as she finds herself wandering in the wilderness of the wood abandoned by adults. The Shadow within, the Queen, is out to destroy Snow White (the Shadow is trying to integrate into the Ego) and has hired the services of the huntsman as the killer.Thus enters the second male figure in the tale. The hunter is unable to kill Snow White, as he is taken by her beauty and innocent pleas, and instead tells her to run. (Grimm) It is suggested that the huntsman is an unconscious representation of the father since he is first taken by the Queen’s command a nd then succumbs to the child. Nevertheless, he is not as violent as the first in that he does do something and he refuses to harm her, but also fails to protect her, letting her go into unknown dangers in the woods. At least, he deceives the Shadow figure and takes back the heart of a deer as a pretense.The Ego at this stage is under the spell of unknown forces within and is restricted in freedom, ‘†¦being alienated from normal life’ (Jung) where she continues ‘hiding in the woods’ It is forced to run away from the normal life by the Shadow which is yet unknown. Snow White now wanders through the dark, deep forest and, finally, meets the seven dwarfs. This marks the beginning of the third phase in Snow White’s life. It is a more matured stage. Here, Snow White meets the common man- the seven dwarfs. N. J. Girardot calls this as the liminal period in his article ‘Initiation and Meaning in the Tale of Snow White’.In many tales the dw arfs are malevolent and destructive beings, but as in this case, they can also be the creative agents of growth and rebirth. Indeed, in this story, the dwarfs can be taken as the divine ancestors, teachers, refiners, guardians, or helpers necessary for a successful initiation. (Girardot, 290) Snow White stays with them and â€Å"keeps house† for the first time and thus, in a way, she starts to learn the lore of adult life that will be expected of her. The dwarfs teach her adult tasks, such as cleaning and cooking.They work all day and expect everyone to do so. Thus, Snow White enters a tentative agreement based on mutual help. The dwarfs warn her against the stepmother Queen. Girardot says that they are like protective agents in the passage of Snow White’s life. (Girardot, 291). The dwarfs are helpful and also a positive force. Carl Jung thought of the dwarfs as a representation of the natural wisdom. They are clarifications of teachers and foster parents. At this poin t, in her process of individuation, Snow White is introduced to the â€Å"masculine creative energy† (Buchholtz, 9).Her past understanding of the masculine was limited to an absentee father and an encounter with the huntsman. In other words, Snow White did not really have an encounter with the Animus yet. Now, she meets the Animus in the form of many which is ‘undifferentiated’. ‘The Animus also embodies helpful figure†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ as the dwarfs proved to be, and thus starts the Ego’s road back to recovery (Jung). Here, the Animus is the helper who brings the Ego out of its forced, restricted life and, thus, Snow White is once again on her way to success, to achieve individuation.In this stage, the Shadow becomes aware of the budding Ego. Thus, it takes up a disguise. While she is living with the dwarfs, Snow White is tempted thrice by her stepmother who disguises herself as an old woman selling lace, comb and apples, respectively. â€Å"As the dw arfs might be said to represent the creative and positive dimensions of the chaotic condition, the stepmother now directly embodies the negative and destructive dimension of death and decay† (Girardot, 291). The life with the dwarfs has made Snow White more responsible and also free to be herself again.Thus, the Ego is not under any restrains and begins to develop. The Shadow, the negative aspect, is warned (by the mirror) against this development of the Ego. The stepmother first attempts to kill Snow White with poisoned laces (Grimm). Being tempted by the beautiful laces, Snow White lets her disguised stepmother into the dwarfs’ house. She is now an adolescent tempted by beauty and this temptation leads her to near death. The second time, Snow White is tempted by the comb which also results in her almost death.The dwarfs manage to save Snow White both the times, but could not save her the third time when she was tempted by the apples. Snow White fails to listen to the dwarfs thrice. Therefore, in the third phase, what we see is a conflict between the Ego and the Shadow. As said before, the Shadow is trying to somehow dislodge the Ego and, in the third attempt, it succeeds. Also, the Ego was actually succumbing to the negative energy of the Shadow. In this state, Sow White is unable to get in touch with her feelings. The split (between the Ego and the Shadow) within herself becomes evident.She is actually witnessing the hatred expressed by her own negative mother. Here, the Shadow is actually trying to overthrow the Ego and gain control over the female psyche. The Ego, here, is hiding herself and, thereby, grows slowly, making up for the lack of Animus in the psyche. For Snow White’s personal growth, her transcendence is dependent on the process of building up the inadequate masculine father through the help of the dwarfs. In a gist, we can say that in the third phase the Ego is more matured and is on its way to achieve individuation.It is frequently restrained by the Shadow within the unconscious. Nevertheless, it develops with the help of Animus which it lacked in the first two phases. The fourth and the final phase is when Snow White falls down almost dead and is, later, saved by the Prince. The dwarfs had found Snow White, who had eaten the poisonous apple, dead and they decide to place her in a glass coffin. Later, a Prince is given the coffin by the dwarfs who pity him. The Prince comes into her world only when Snow White is unconscious. Now the Ego is in a comatose stage which is a special kind of sleep.In this state, the Shadow stops to attack the Ego and does not try to control it. The Ego now has a chance to return to life and at the same time unite with the Animus (the Prince). Thus, in the tale, Snow White is married to the Prince. United in marriage, they return to put the villainous character, the Shadow, in her proper place. In the fourth phase, the Ego recognizes the Shadow, overthrows it and unites wi th the Animus, thereby, finding its true self. For the first time in the story, the wicked stepmother is ‘invited’ by the Ego. She joins in with what Snow White is doing.Here, the Shadow is recognized. This is the final process where the Shadow is invited by the Ego to integrate with it. Snow White had suffered so much in her life. She was robbed of her rights as a Princess; she was not allowed to live a normal life. Despite this, she does not show any sort of rage or grief. As Jung says, this can happen only when the Prince or the Animus has established itself in the feminine psyche. Thus the wicked Queen, who was invited to the wedding of Snow White and the Prince, was â€Å"forced to put on the red-hot shoes, and dance until she dropped down dead. † (Grimm).The wedding is taking place at the same time when the Shadow is defeated. This indicates the unifying of the feminine and the masculine, and also the death of the Shadow within the unconscious. The Ego unit es with the Animus, thereby, attaining the true self. The Ego is completely developed now. Therefore, the fourth phase is symbol of the completion of individuation.4. ARCHETYPES IN ‘CINDERELLA’‘Cinderella’ is one of the most popular stories in the world. Like almost every fairy tale, the true origin of the story is unknown. There are various versions of ‘Cinderella’, originated from various countries and cultures.Yet, the themes of the stories are similar in all versions. Every version of ‘Cinderella’ centers on a kind, young girl who is tortured and ill-treated by her own family, after her mother’s death. Her father is either absent or neglectful, depending on the version of the story. The girl is helped by someone to triumph over her family and achieve a wealthy marriage. Like ‘Snow White’, ‘Cinderella’ is also a magic fairy tale. It consists of many fairy tale elements. There are magical elements , opposing characters, a heroine, a happy ending and themes of adult anxieties. Cinderella goesthrough changes from a girl to a woman by the end of the story. In almost every version, these elements exist. Currently, the most popular version of ‘Cinderella’ is that of the Disney’s Film in 1950. This film is based on the version by the Grimm Brothers. They had collected their version of ‘Cinderella’ from oral tales. There are also many other versions of the tale found in many parts of the world. The Charles Perrault’s version is also quite famous. While some of the details of the story may have been changed to fit each culture, the same themes exist in each story, though each was independently created.Thus, born centuries ago, the fairy tale still continues to live and fascinate people.4. 1 ‘CINDERELLA’: A BRIEF HISTORYThe story of Cinderella had been around the world long before the Disney or Grimm version. It is said that there a re over a hundred versions of this fairy tale. The story was first recorded by Tuan Ch’eng-shih of China in the middle of the 19th century. Long before he recorded the tale in writing, the people of his day probably knew oral telling of it. In this version, however, Yeh-shin, the heroine, is helped by a magical fish, and not a fairy Godmother.In 1697, Charles Perrault recorded ‘Cinderella, or The Glass Slipper’ in his collection ‘Tales of Mother Goose. ’ This version included the fairy Godmother. Also, in the end, Cinderella finds husbands for her stepsisters. During the 19th century, the Grimm Brothers from Germany changed many elements in this tale and it was called ‘Aschenputtel’ or ‘Ash Girl’. In modern times, the tale of Cinderella has inspired countless picture books, musicals, novels, etc. It is the 12th animated feature film in the Disney Animated feature canon. It was released in 1950.4. 2 CINDERELLA: AN ARCHETYPAL INTERPRETATIONWe usually take the story of Cinderella, like other fairy tales, for the sole purpose of entertainment. But it is interesting to know that this is a wise story infused with different meanings and symbols. Perhaps, it shows something of us as Carl Jung considers myth to be ‘unconscious expression of ourselves’. As mentioned about ‘Snow White’, ‘Cinderella’, too, seems to be like a product of human unconscious and offers a vision that is quite opposed to the prevailing conscious view. In this analysis of ‘Cinderella’ (as recorded by Charles Perrault), I will assume that the whole storydescribes a state of immature feminine psyche. All the images in the story will be seen as aspects of a feminine. Based on Jungian literary criticism, the central character, Cinderella, is viewed as real while the other characters (stepmother, stepsister, father, fairy Godmother, the Prince, etc. ) are seen as symbolic representations of t he various aspects of the heroine’s unconscious self. These characters all stand for parts of the unconscious which the heroine will eventually access. The story begins by describing the background of the fairy tale.We come to know that after the death of the heroine’s mother, her father took in another wife who had a daughter. The stepmother and stepsister were â€Å"the proudest and the haughtiest that were ever seen† (Perrault, 1889). They did not like Cinderella, nor did they tolerate her good nature. The initial part of the story shows Cinderella’s way of life after her father’s death. The introduction presents obvious facts known to Cinderella. For her, this represents the conscious. The main contrast between the conscious and the unconscious is represented by the known and the unknown situations.By the death of the father, there is a threesome in the story- the stepmother, stepsister and Cinderella. This indicates an incomplete cycle. Only w hen we reach number four will the cycle be complete. Cinderella, the stepmother, the stepsister and, eventually, the Prince is one example of a quaternary. At the start of the story, Cinderella or the female psyche is far from complete. She is very innocent, naive and immature. This immature female psyche lacks a caring mother figure within. In the first part of the story, we learn that the father took in another wife and he was completely dominated by her.We notice that this is the only time Cinderella’s father is mentioned in the story. He is an indolent father because he fails to save his daughter from the torturing hands of his wife. The father is an â€Å"absent-one† in Cinderella’s life. Yet, he does a great contribution to the whole story. The female psyche starts out with an almost non-existent father figure or Animus and, at this stage, the mother is dead. This state of the psyche is tragic. It lacks a caring mother image and a father who cannot stand u p for her. ‘Doing nothing’ is the most expressive form of violence.The father does not offer any guidance in his daughter’s life. He does not even attempt to control the raging forces within her, personified as the cruel stepmother. He does nothing against the Shadow within the female psyche. In other words, the father represents a weak Animus in the psyche. As mentioned before, after the death of the father, a women-threesome is formed. The stepmother is a total negative character. She represents the negative power of the psyche. The stepsister, although being a passive character in the tale, also is connected with the mother and intensifies her negative power.Cinderella is the only positive power of the psyche in the threesome. From the beginning of the story, we notice that the Shadow s dominant in the female psyche. It has a control over the Animus and is, at the same time, trying to overthrow the Ego, which is young and under-developed. The stepmother, repre senting the Shadow archetype, is jealous of the young girl for her beauty, kindness and good nature. Thus, she is an active wrecker. The woman-threesome represents the principals of the woman’s psyche, the essential self of women. Every woman is born with this essential self.Cinderella, the positive character in the threesome, is the real essence of the woman’s self. According to Jung, the features of the dark side of the woman’s soul are expressed by instability, anger or hatred. The beginning of the story shows an unbalanced psyche. There is a dominance of the Shadow and a lack of the Animus in this psyche. The Animus is the man’s power of the psyche; it is a masculine principle that appears in the woman’s psyche. Typical attributes of the Animus are, for example, rationality, power, action or reasonableness.The Animus and the Self complement each other. Finally, in the harmonized psyche, they are integrated into one another, thereby achieving in dividuation. Cinderella is passive in the beginning of the story. She suffers a lot but does not protest against the atrocities towards her. She simply waits for her destiny to get better. At this stage, the Self, the essence of the woman’s psyche, is suppressed under the dominance of the Shadow in the unconscious. Also, in the stage Cinderella does not have any friends. She is not sharing her grief with anyone until the fairy Godmother appears.The fairy Godmother appears when Cinderella was alone in the house, her stepmother and stepsister having left for the royal party at the king’s palace. The Godmother is the only friend Cinderella has, who compensates her love, friendship and the feeling of loneliness. Jung describes the fairy as the â€Å"soul-mate† and â€Å"the incarnation of inspiration and spiritual fulfillments†. The fairy Godmother comes to Cinderella from some unknown place. This symbolizes the unconscious. Now, Cinderella shares all her sor rows, wishes and grieves with her, and, finally, finds relief in a friend.This relief was very essential for her existence. The fairy Godmother from her unconscious is her own thought, her desire and hope for the change of the current situation. Talking with the fairy, Cinderella pursues her hope for a better life. Here, the Ego is trying to find a way for its integration with the Animus, in the absence of the Shadow. The Shadow finds Cinderella as a threat and hence, does not allow her to attend the royal party. Our heroine is left alone at home when, for the first time, she speaks out her wish. Thus, at this stage, there is a first glimmer of awareness on the part of Cinderella.She is considered a threat by the Shadow figure in her psyche. The Ego is restricted in freedom. It is ‘alienated from normal life’ (Jung). It continues to ‘hide’ in the house and is forced to retreat from the normal life it wishes to live. The appearance of the Godmother meant the revelation of Cinderella’s wishes. Later, the fairy disappears. This means that her hopes are revealed and must be suppressed. It must be hidden deep in the unconscious. Hence the fairy god mother disappears, never to return in the story. But her magic and magical powers do not disappear completely.It remains with Cinderella till she wears the glass slippers and turns into beautiful Princess. Cinderella is blessed by the fairy Godmother. She is enchanted, gets new, beautiful dress, jewels, and a pair of glass slippers. This magic symbolizes her taking on a social mask. She presents herself the way she wants to be seen by other people. Here, the archetype of Persona has come to the fore. The Persona is the character we assume and that which we relate to others. It includes our social roles, the kind of clothes we choose to wear and our individual styles of expressing ourselves.Jung explains that Persona is important to achieve psychological maturity. The moment of the Cindere lla’s decision to attend the royal party indicates the rise of Animus in the psyche. She uses the magical powers enchanted upon her and this stands for the rebirth of Animus, the man’s psyche in her mind. Even though she stays a passive victim under the pressure of the external circumstances, on the level of conscious, Cinderella struggles with it. She is aware of her desires and the power to reach them. This awareness of the inner power is the first sight of the Animus.The Animus principle represents straightness, rationality, power and action (Jung). Cinderella is warned by her godmother to return from the party â€Å"before the clock strikes 12†. During the party, as soon as the clock strikes 12, Cinderella runs away from the palace. Jungian scholars interpret this as the test of the power of the Animus in Cinderella. She does not have any experience with the way the Animus behaves as she has never been exposed to it. She has never tried to be straight or fol low her aims, rather submitting to the negative forces, without protest.She wants to listen to the Animus, but she is afraid of the people’s reaction to her new attitude to life (her Persona). Although she believes that she deserves to be there, she runs away, frightened that she would be recognized. Thus, the twelve-O-clock striking and Cinderella’s run away can be interpreted as the female psyche’s defense mechanism. She is, once again, trying to hide herself and escape from the risk of exposing her true self. On her way home, Cinderella loses her glass slippers. A psychological explanation is that â€Å"a slipper or a shoe symbolizes the person’s attitude to the particular situation†.Here, Cinderella loses her attitude to the man’s principle (Animus) and retires into the unconscious, again suppressed. She failed the test of power, and is not able to encourage herself to fulfill her true desires. At this point, new characters appear in the story- the king’s men who go around the country to find the Princess. This represents a link that is important for the further movement of the story. After Cinderella left her slippers behind, the king’s men found it and brought it to the Prince. The Prince â€Å"proclaimed, by sound of trumpet, that he would marry her whose foot the slipper would just fit† (Perrault).He employed few men to find out the Princess. Thus, they began to try it on every young lady in the country and, eventually, find Cinderella. These men, who are employed by the Prince, may represent the part of Cinderella’s mind, which has an impact on her self-evaluation. She is trying to regain her strength. She concludes that she wants to raise her social status. This implies that she is taking a positive attitude towards the newly-found Animus in her psyche. She is trying to integrate with it. When the Prince’s proclamation is made, the stepsister â€Å"burst out laughing and be gan to banter her†.She tried to stop Cinderella from trying the glass slippers. This implies that the Shadow and the Anima (the female power) are still more dominant in the psyche. Cinderella does not try the slipper on outright. The woman’s principle in her discourages her from trying to change her attitude towards life. These are the defense mechanisms in her psyche. It symbolizes her doubts- whether she would be accepted in this new attitude; whether she would be hurt again. The men were ordered to let everyone try the glass slippers. Hence, Cinderella was obliged to try it.In a sense, she was taking her slippers back. The decision to try the slippers symbolizes the rise of the Animus. As it was mentioned before, a shoe (or slipper) represents the attitude towards life. Cinderella took her shoe back which means that she was again overtaken by the attitude of the Animus. Cinderella has to become conscious of her power first, to change her terrible circumstances. When she realizes her powers, the Shadow loses its dominance in her psyche and the Animus takes over the power. This was the final test of the power of the Animus and she succeeds.The moment Cinderella wears the shoes, she is transformed into a beautiful Princess. This symbolizes the moment of victory of the Animus. Our heroine has taken the attitude to the Animus principle. She has accepted the Animus in the unconscious and is accepted by the society, too. By transforming into a Princess, Cinderella intensifies her new life attitude. Also, the Prince and his men symbolize protection so that the Shadow does not once again dominate the psyche. The story ends with Cinderella’s union with the Prince. The Prince represents the Animus.Thus, finally, the Ego is united with the Animus to form the true self. The evil characters in the story are not mentioned again. This indicates the death of the negative power in the psyche. The female psyche is now completely developed and, therefore, t he process of individuation is complete.CONCLUSIONIn this project, I have tried to show how the theory of collective unconscious propounded by Carl. G. Jung is working in fairy tales, taking the examples of ‘Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs’ (Grimm) and ‘Cinderella’ (Perrault).I have tried to outline the various archetypes in both the stories. Though these stories have changed over time to adapt to the society, the archetypes have remained the same. I have done a psychological analysis on both ‘Snow White’ and ‘Cinderella’. With a look into its history, it is shown that these stories were independently created in different parts of the world. They are from different cultures, tribes or nations. Yet, there are a lot of similarities between these stories. Both stories are of the development of an immature female psyche.It is concerned with the psychological process of individuation. Through an archetypal interpretation of both these f airy tales, it is concluded that individuation was successfully achieved. Also, the fairy tales describe the importance of the Animus archetype in the woman’s psyche. Both our heroine’s, Snow White and Cinderella, in their respective stories are unable to understand what is useful from the conscious and had little idea of their own dark side, at the beginning of the story. The Ego in these female psyches is not aware of the existing, dominant Shadow.Then, as it develops, there are conflicts between the Ego and the Shadow. The Ego undergoes many stages in this stage as it gathers knowledge from the depths of the unconscious. In the end of both the stories, the Ego finds a way to escape from the clutches of the negative energy. Thus, it triumphs over the Shadow by integrating itself with the Animus. Thereby, both the heroines achieve individuation. In other words, the development of the female psyche is complete. From a psychological perspective we can say that both the heroines undergo similar emotions and personal experiences.Both are hated and tortured by their stepmothers; they start out without an Animus and lack an image of a loving mother. Both wish to be free from the clutches of the Shadow. Finally, through struggles, sufferings and conflicts, they find their Princes, thus, uniting with the Animus. The behavior and motives of the female psyche is also quite similar. Thus this psychological analysis clearly shows that there exists a similarity of archetypes that appear in these fairy tales which were created by independent cultures. This psychological analysis is not only applicable to fairy tales but also to the contemporary literature.Questions would arise as to what is its relevance in the present day literature and what effect does it have on children and adults. We can find the answer if we observe and compare the experience of children and adults engaging in fairy tales. As Walter Odajynk, in his article ‘The Archetypal Interpre tation of Fairy Tales: Bluebeard’, argues, through archetypal interpretation, the psyche is engaged. While reading a fairy tale or any serious literature, an adult, with his/her matured intellect, may either interpret it in relation to a critical theory, personal identification or, ideally, an archetypal interpretation.However, a child does not have the context for critical theory, or the developed Ego for complex identification. In other words, a child does not have a mature intellect. The fairy tale serves as a method of emotional and psychological instruction. A child would be able to recognize the difference between good and evil, positive and negative, masculine and feminine, which are certain concepts propagated in all the fairy tales, with the help of archetypes. Thus, for the child, a fairy tale is like an early education in archetypal structures.This education begins with simple representations that are depicted in cartoon form, such as Pokemon and many Disney films, and then extends to more complex fantasy genre, such as the wizard tales of ‘Harry Potter’ (J. K. Rowling), ‘Twilight’ (Stephanie Meyer), ‘Lord of the Rings’ (J. R. R. Tolkien), etc. These days, children are more familiar with the Disney Films and not with the Grimm Brothers and Charles Perrault. Disney has obviously taken the archetypes represented in the fairy tales. The various archetypes appear in the Disney films, Harry Potter, Lord of the Rings and many other modern fictions.Observing the plot of these fictions, we would find the common archetypes- the righteous warrior, the villain who must be overcome, the humble birth and the prophesied journey of the hero. Disney’s heroines are all pure, beautiful, innocent and sweet, whereas heroes are all noble, heroic and are on some quest or adventurous journey. In the Disney Fairy Tale Films, the fairy Godmother, like the one who gets Cinderella ready for the Ball, serves as the archetype of ‘Wise Old Woman/Man’. This archetype serves the purpose of being the mentor (helper). In ‘Lord of the Rings’, it is Gandalf who is like the archetype of ‘Wise Old Man’.In ‘Harry Potter’, it is Albus Dumbledore. Also, Hermione Granger (Harry Potter’s friend) is an Anima. In ‘Lord of the Rings’, we find Sam as Frodo’s Anima, though they are both males. Speaking of the Shadow archetypes, the famous villains nicely personify the Shadow. So, Lord Voldemort and the Deatheaters are the Shadow in ‘Harry Potter’. The villain is what the hero could become if he fails in his quest. This fact is repeated several times in the ‘Harry Potter’ series. Harry, who has equal powers as Voldemort, is invited many times to join him as a Deatheaters.Likewise, the evil Queen in Disney’s ‘Snow White’ is corrupted by the Shadow quality of envy, placing her in stark contrast to Snow White’s purity and beauty; while Cinderella’s wicked stepmother could be said to represent a contrast to Cinderella’s gentle kindness and ability to take joy in small things. Thus, we can conclude that even in modern fiction, the archetypes do work to express the collective unconscious. This project focused mainly on fairy tales, rather than modern fiction because, as Marie von Franz says, â€Å"fairy tales are the purest and simplest expression of collective unconscious psychic process.Therefore, their value for the scientific investigation of the unconscious exceeds that of all other materials. † Fairy tales allow the unconscious to be observed more specifically. The characters in fairy tales represent archetypes, not human being, and thus, the unconscious is more easily accessible. In other words, the unconscious elements become more conscious in fairy tales. In conclusion, we can say that the archetypal nature of fairy tales make them appealing to ch ildren and adults, and transcend cultural boundaries.The theory of collective unconscious is not limited to a certain culture, place or nation. It is valid in comparison of independently created stories of all times, be it ancient or modern. We must not miss to notice that in stories, the archetypes are always fragmented into individual characters, but in real life, each of us carries qualities of each archetype in us. If not, we would not be able to relate the characters and archetypes, and accept them. You have an Anima or Animus. Likewise, you have a Shadow and a wise part that knows the best answer. It is just that you must learn to listen to it.

The Good, the Bad and Medical Research Essay Topics

The Good, the Bad and Medical Research Essay Topics One of the greatest approaches to make writing a research paper easier is to pick a topic which you're passionate about. The choice is dependent upon the writer. Some people may believe that the great content could possibly be written on any topic and the paper success is dependent just on the mastery of the writer. Use what you read to assist you create some search terms, and to aid you choose your own position. In any case, direct and indirect quotes are required to support your understanding of academic writing style. If you select the incorrect subject, you might get stuck with your writing and have a tough time moving forward. For instance, if you're writing about nutrition, then you'll want to attempt to persuade the reader about a certain point of view you've taken. The Good, the Bad and Medical Research Essay Topics It's important to select debatable argumentative essay topics as you need opposing points you could counter to your own points. When you are finished with your essay, you must not just check it for spelling and grammatical errors, but nevertheless, it also has to be checked for logical fallacies. If you must write your whole essay in 1 day, do your very best to give yourself breaks so you don't burn out. There are several steps which you should take so as to compose a fantastic essay. At length, now that you're prepared to work on your paper, we wish to remind you of the value of suitable essay structure. During argumentative essay writing, you ought to be prepared for a discussion on it. In this kind of situation, it's more convenient to locate ready-made essays and use them as an example. An argumentative essay will ask you to take a specific stance about this issue you're writing about. Getting the Best Medical Research Essay Topics When you're writing a health research paper there are numerous possible topics. Shopping online isn't secure or secure. Order a great case of argumentative essay online! To compose a strong argumentative essay, students should start by familiarizing themselves with a number of the common, and frequently conflicting, positions on the research topic so they can write an educated paper. To start with, local newspaper papers are sometimes a good place to discover interesting argumentative essay topics. As an example, in college, you might be requested to compose a paper from the opposing perspective. Writing a college argumentative research paper isn't as simple as it may appear at first. Finding the Best Medical Research Essay Topics It's a particular type of essay that presents clear arguments about each side of a problem. Then use that information to make a paper that states at least three distinct explanations for why you believe your side of the problem. When you are requested to decide on a great topic for your argument, start with something you're familiarized with. As a consequence, any argumentative essay topics that you decide to write about in regard to nutrition should have at least two sides to them, so that you could argue for or against something. The broadest idea is situated on top, and as you keep on writing, you become more concentrated on the major point, eventually coming to specific proof to back up your claim. You must find the research to show your opinion is the right view of the topic. Utilize your present understanding, the information that you have heard before, and clarify your perspective. You can rest assured your point of view is right until you satisfy an individual that thinks that you're completely erroneous. Whatever They Told You About Medical Research Essay Topics Is Dead Wrong...And Here's Why Preferably, it needs to be something that you're an expert in. One of the greatest methods to change anybody's mind is with an emotional investment. It's not sufficient to settle on a topic which everybody agrees on. When you're picking your topic, remember that it's much simpler to wri te about something which you currently have interest ineven in case you don't know a good deal about it. Research papers are trying, but in addition they have the capacity to be somewhat rewarding. Instead of discontinuing expensive medical research, there ought to be conditions set in funding procedure to determine if it's the research could benefit the general public in the long term. To conclude all of it, medical research ought to be carried on for the interest of public wellness. For instance, the research into cancer has gone for a long time. Education scholars are continuously evolving the way that they think about how we learn and what's taught. Argumentative essay topics are so important since they are debatableand it's vital to at all times be critically contemplating the world around us. The key to select a fantastic topic for an argumentative essay is to select a subject where there's a lot of debates on topics or stances. Recent argumentative essay topics that are related to society is going to do. So How About Medical Research Essay Topics? Odds are, all you have to do is relax and locate a topic you're passionate about and, needless to say, one that's debatable. Selecting an emotional topic is also a great idea. You don't need to find super technical with legal argumentative essays, but be certain to do your homework on what the present laws about your preferred topic actually say. You've got an option to select one of the greatest topics for argumentative essay from our list! You will be assigned a topic, or your professor will allow you to select your own. It is advised to steer clear of argument essay topics on moral issues because they don't support logical discussion.

The Importance Of Mass Media - 713 Words

Media has been changing definetely since it’s inception; developing with new innovation and changing the way individuals see the world. Well before current types of media happened, individuals saw media through verbal connection and compositons like newsletters. Today, media is seen in many structures: TV, radio, cell phones, web, satellites, daily papers, and more. To comprehend broad communications totally, the concentration must move toward the real improvements in the advancement of mass media in the most recent century, America’s impact from the real improvements, the significance behind media union, and the suggestions towards regular daily existence. Mass Media Over the last 100 years, the development of broad communications†¦show more content†¦As white collar class people and families began to develop socially and fiscally there, leisurely intrigue topped. In the course of the most recent century, innovation has developed and caused a huge number of effects on American culture. The advancement of PDAs or Personal Data Assistance has expanded the reliance of innovation to the clients. As the movement of innovation presumes, it is fitting to see that soon, all shoppers will be exclusively subject to innovation, and will have practically zero worries on whatever else. In the nineteenth century, American culture was reformed with information, not at all like whatever other in which was found. Americans now had a lifted reason in innovation, this helps individuals, not just Americans, in the guide for mechanical purposes. Through trials and tribulation, American culture was an unmistakable must. Having the capacity to state this it has helped us accomplish enormity in life as opposed to impeding us is a remarkable fortune. What is the principal thing that Americans do when they get up in the morning, when they the, or when they are done with work? They check their phones. Right now correspondence and media have a solid hold over our regular day to day existences, we scan for answers in the media, hoping to shape assessments and find out about what on the planet is influencing us. Through the media we choose what places we will go, our political gatherings, what is in style, and numerous different things thatShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Mass Media1003 Words   |  5 PagesEveryone’s comprehension is different and unique in reality. When a person receives a message from mass media, he tells the message which is from mass media to another person. These two people understand what does this message means; however, they may have different comprehension of this message. People can think about each message and analyze a message in a different way because they have their own idea. 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Mass media’s influence on people’s lives is even greater and deeper than many kinds of state indoctrination or priest’s sermons from the pulpit in the church Read MoreImpact of Media on the People of Pakistan1347 Words   |  6 PagesIn the late 20th Century, mass media could be classified into eight mass media industries: books, newspapers, magazines, recordings, radio, movies, television and the internet. With the explosion of digital communication technology in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, the question of what forms of media should be c lassified as mass media has become more prominent. For example, it is controversial whether to include cell phones, video games and computer games (such as MMORPGs) in the definitionRead MoreWhat is Mass Media?917 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is Mass Media? Mass media refers to the many ways that information reaches a large group of people. Sociologists study mass media to see its affects on socialization, social movement, and social power (Chegg, â€Å"Definition of Mass Media†). Examples of mass media: Television Radio Movies Newspaper Internet Importance of Mass Media in Society Mass media is important in society because it reflects the lives, roles, and interests of the people. The media creates the culture and these messages promoteRead MoreThe Theory And Magic Bullet Theory767 Words   |  4 PagesTo begin with, throughout the semester in Mass Communication Theory and Research we’ve discussed various research theories; however, the two theories that interest me were the agenda setting theory and magic bullet theory. I choose these two theories specifically because they both focused on how the media is the core and how it can immensely affect audience’s perception and behavior towards the media. First, The Agenda Setting Function of the Mass Media, it was first put forth by Maxwell McCombsRead MoreThe Importance of Sports to Mass Communication Essay772 Words   |  4 PagesThe Importance of Sports to Mass Communication Understanding of mass communication without attention to sport coverage is practically impossible. Through the mass media, millions and even billions of viewers, listeners and readers are brought into the experience of a great sports performance. The emotional power of sports performance enchanted by slow-motion video and musical sound track, can take you to breath away or bring tears to you eyes. There are a lot of massive spectacles like the SuperRead MoreMedia Coverage on Presidential Candidates 1194 Words   |  5 Pages Both campaign contributions and media coverage has significant power to determine the success of a presidential candidate, and each of them seems to be interconnected with each other. The media has the power of fast deliverance of information, reproducing to an audience of mass quantity, and ability to distort the candidates’ authenticity. Though it largely relies on the campaign contribution that gets the attention of the media. However, it is the media that is more important in determining theRead MoreThe Effects Of Media On Our Society Essay1007 Words   |  5 PagesInfluences of Media on our Society There is no doubt that the media influences us. To state some examples to prove this claim, try answering the questions that follow. Do you feel like attempting a stunt from a movie? Do you base your fashion on what you see the celebrities are wearing? Do you copy the hairstyle of your favorite famous personalities? Have you ever attempted to walk model-like in an attempt to imitate those ramp models in fashion shows? If you answered yes to any of these questions